Psycho Cultural Conflict Theory

Psycho Cultural Conflict Theory According to the psycho-cultural conflict theory, identity is the most important need in the hierarchy of human needs and, when denied, results in violent conflict. The satisfaction of ones basic needs is intricately related to his/her identity. The Psycho-cultural Conflict Theory is similar to the Primordial approach to ethnicity which emphasizes the fact that peoples ethnicity (identity) is deeply rooted in their past. Irobi (2005) argues that memories of past traumas magnify peoples anxieties. This is as a result of ethnic identity which produces fear, hatred and, consequently, ethnic conflict among two ethnic groups which have a history of ethnic discrimination and stratification. Irobi posits that when an ethnic group has a history of being stereotyped and discriminated based on their ethnic identity from another group, it results in violent conflict since ethnic identity remains part and parcel of the entirety of an individual. Ethnic groups which have been discriminated against and stratified into lower class citizens always habour a feeling of marginalization of their identity and this produces strong feelings of hatred and resentment towards the other group which did the discrimination. This is what Richardson Jr. Sen (1996) call victim mentality. Irobi (2005) criticizes the inadequacy of modernization theory which holds that modernity will result in the dissolution of ethnic affiliation. H e observes that ethnicity is fixed and part of the identity of individuals and groups. Therefore, any marginalization of an ethnic group or discrimination against it based on ethnicity will receive strong resistance (conflict). This is particularly seen in the mobilizing role of ethnic identity. Psycho-cultural conflict theorists like Ross (1997) and Horowitz (1998) believe that conflicts which are caused by identity are usually dangerous, violent, intractable and highly protracted, and often very difficult to resolve. This is because identity which is at the centre of the conflict, is an unshakable sense of worth, which makes life meaningful and includes the feeling that one is physically, socially, psychologically and spiritually safe (Faleti, 2006, p. 51). When this feeling of safety (identity) is threatened, there is a defensive reaction aiming at protecting this at all costs and the result is violent conflict which becomes a matter of life and death. This tends to affect development since violence is perpetually continued affecting productive sectors of local economies. The psycho-cultural theory of conflict argues, therefore, that resolving this type of conflict is usually very difficult and tends to defy any resolution mechanism. There is always constant outbreak of violence with such conflicts despite attempts at resolving the conflict. Their resolution takes long and sometimes, it is not possible to talk of resolution, but management. This is because the issue of ethnic identity is uncompromising and its denial is a complete affront to the groups very existence. The outbreak of consistent violence as a result of this type of conflict makes life and security fragile, thereby affecting human well-being and development. Thus, the link between ethnic conflicts, their resolution and development is clearly seen. Due to the deep-seated, protracted and intractable nature of conflicts based on identity (ethnic conflict), their resolution remains very difficult and takes very long, and this produces strings of violence thereby affecting meaningful develop ment. Seymour (2003) therefore emphasized that identity influences the process of conflict and must not be overlooked when attempting to understand the origins of conflict and when planning its resolution. The psycho-cultural conflict theory has been heavily criticized by many scholars. The theory has been criticized for attributing the main basis of conflict and violence to identity based on ethnicity. Critics are quick to point out that there is a tendency for many people to label any conflict as ethnic identity based when that conflict exceedingly has a different cause (Tonah, 2007). Bowen (1996) contends that those conflicts which are said to be based on ethnic identity are products of modern politics. He argues that although people have had many identities for long, which are based on their culture (ethnicity), these people only began to see themselves as members of vast groups, opposed to each other only during the modern period of colonization. Bowen (1996) mentioned that the Rwandan, Burundian and Bosnian conflicts are politically based conflicts rather than ethnic identity conflicts, but these conflicts later assumed ethnic identity dimensions. Osaghae (2005) also argues that what is seen as ethnic conflict is not so, but elite manipulation of people to gain advantage of their political and personal ambitions. Ethnic identity, to him, is elitist manipulation of ethnicity to gain control over political power and what is seen as conflicts emanating from ethnic identity are not at all, but politically based conflicts. It is possible for elites to manipulate a group of people against each other. It is even possible for conflicts in some parts of Africa and other places to take ethnic dimensions even if the initial cause of the conflict is political, resource, religious or any other cause (Tonah, 2007). Ernest Penan (cited in Bowen, 1996) believes that ethnic identity is constructed by intellectuals for their personal interests and that ethnic identity is a set of ideas rather than peoples values in conflict. Chandra (2006) believes that ethnic identity does not matter or has not been shown to matter in explaining most outcomes of violence. Fearon Laitin (2000) also argue after an enquiry into the relationship between ethnic identity and violence that the mere observation that ethnic identities are socially constructed is not so. In conclusion, the Psycho-cultural Theory simply argues that identity based on ethnicity explains the main reason for conflicts in society. The weakness of the theory makes it imperative for this study to be able to properly identify the sources of ethnic conflict in the Bawku Traditional Area in order to devise appropriate resolution mechanisms to them. Conceptual framework It remains evident that development is meaningfully achieved through the existence of peace. Peace here refers to the absence of violent conflict and effective conflict resolution which both border on security. Ethnic conflicts, very often, are intractable conflicts which involve values, claim to status, identity, deprivation of needs and external factors such as political infiltrations (Coleman, 2000). Thus, ethnic conflicts are often protracted and remain very difficult to resolve and their continuous existence poses danger to local level development and they tend to seriously hinder security which is needed to ensure peace for development. Ethnic conflicts as shown in Figure 1 primarily result from past historical and colonial experiences which are further exacerbated by factors like lack of access to power, resources and ethnic marginalization/stereotypes which are magnified by peoples struggle for their ethnic identity. The continuous ethnic polarization through these factors leads to violence (conflict) which results in low investments in local economic activities/commerce, decreasing agricultural, educational and health standards, insecurity, high dependency ratio, loss of lives and low incomes for individuals and families. The end result of all these, as seen in Figure 1, is decreasing levels of socio-economic development. The effective resolution of ethnic conflicts can have positive implications for development. Schoeman (1998) argues that a society in which people are secure (when violent conflict is properly resolved or is absent), will: Enable people to develop their communities; Enable people to be architects of their own lives; Enable people to come together to pursue economic and other development; and Enable people to participate in the development of the society. In resolving ethnic conflicts , one needs to focus on satisfying the basic needs which have been deprived (UN DESA, 2001) and also creating a proportional equality in deep-rooted cultural and identity issues (Richardson Jr. Wang, 1993) using third party intervention and inter-group cooperation (Horowitz, 2000; Lipchitz Crawford, 1995). All of these can be done by effectively engaging the conflicting parties in mediation, inter-group dialogue and third party intervention using indigenous methods. Issues which are mostly root causes of conflict when tackled properly results in effective conflict resolution thereby trickling down to sustainable peace which has implications for local development. Effects Core Problem Low Investment due to insecurity Destruction of Property and infrastructure General Insecurity Low Agricultural Production Low commerce Refusal to accept posting Low Income Decreasing Educational and Health Standards Retarded Development Ethnic Conflict High Dependency Ratio Low Income Loss of Lives Low Income Poverty Struggle for Ethnic Identity Lack of Access to Power. e.g. Chieftaincy and Political Connections Past Historical and Colonial Experiences Ethnic Marginalization Causes Lack of Access to Natural Resources. e.g. Land Decreasing Levels of Social/Economic Development

Princess Diana :: essays research papers

Princess Diana of Whales was a very wonderful person. She touched many lives and went through many turmoils herself. I decided to do my paper on Princess Diana of Wales, not only because I am named after her, but of my interest in such a wonderful role model. Lady Diana Frances Spencer, was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the youngest daughter of the then Viscount and Viscountess Althorp, now the late (8th) Earl Spencer and the Hon Mrs. Shand-Kydd, daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy. Lady Diana's parents were married in 1954 and separated in 1967. The marriage was dissolved in 1969. Together with her two elder sisters Sarah (born 1955), Jane (born 1957) and her younger brother Charles (born 1964), Lady Diana continued to live with her father at Park House, Sandringham, until the death of her grandfather, the 7th Earl Spencer. In 1975, the family moved to the Spencer family seat at Althorp in Northamptonshire. Lady Diana first went to a preparatory school, Riddlesworth Hall at Diss, in Norfolk. Then in 1974 went as a boarder student to West Heath, near Sevenoaks, Kent. At school she had a particular talent for music (as an accomplished pianist), dancing and domestic science, which she gained the school's award for the girl giving maximum help to the school and her schoolfellows. She left West Heath in 1977 and went to finishing school at the Institute Alpin Videmanette in Rougemont, Switzerland, which she left in 1978. For a while she looked after the child of an American couple, and she worked as a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School in Pimlico. On 24 February 1981 it was officially announced that Lady Diana was to marry The Prince of Wales. As neighbors at Sandringham until 1975, their families had known each other for many years. Lady Diana and the The Prince had met again when he was invited to a weekend at Althorp in November 1977. They were married at St Paul's Cathedral in London on 29 July 1981, in a ceremony which drew a global television and radio audience estimated at around 1,000 million people, and hundreds of thousands of people lining the route from Buckingham Palace to the Cathedral. The couple was married by the Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Runcie. The Princess was the first Englishwoman to marry an heir to the throne for an incredible 300 years.

Business opportunity Essay

The opportunity announcement provides both weekday and weekend minimum for service hours An independent business calculates service revenue by applying the calculation located in the opportunity announcement under the program details section. The Stramatic 2. 0 is the system use to schedule and manage service hours. C. 5 actions to reduce noise levels in your office Ensure the door to your office remains closed while you work. If sound passes through the door, consider investing in a solid core door. Close the windows to outside noise Do not place your desk against a wall with a TV set, dishwasher, or washer/dryer on the other side. Purchase a noise cancelling telephone headset. It should have an â€Å"echo-canceller† which reduces vibrations between the speaker and the listener. If your office has wooden floor or tiles, consider investing in carpet because it tends to muffle sounds. D. Maintaining a professional manner and image Professionalism: approach the service you provide with the same professionalism that you would give if you were working in a corporate office setting. Phone etiquette: answer your business phone with a focused response, clearly stating the name of the client with a positive and natural tone. Family rules E. Check your understanding You should use DSL and cable to service arise clients F. Security protection Acceptable software: virus protection (Norton), antispyware (Norton), and firewall (windows firewall). You must have at least one software program from each of the three categories of protection. Installation: you must install and enable antivirus, anti-spyware, and firewall software on your computer before servicing arise clients Host checker III. Lesson 3: selecting business opportunities A. You can select a business opportunity through the: Partner admissions dashboard: the place where you are currently going through the admissions process. This is where you will have your first chance to select a business opportunity and enroll in the related client course The arise portal: you will only be able to select business opportunities listed on the Arise Portal after you have selected you first business opportunity. B. Check your understanding C. Check your understanding D. Check your understanding E. Maximize your marketability Be selective and focus on relevant skills and accomplishments Improve your credentials by making them more competetive. F. Give yourself a competitive edge Choose the wording that will have the greatest impact Use verbs that best describe your abilities, skills, and accomplishments Review each section to see if you can edit your sentence to make a more favorable impression. Remember it is important to be truthful at all times G. Overview of the arise portal The 5 major functions of the arise portal: G.. 1. Reviewing available business opportunities G.. 2. Accessing Quick Links G.. 3. Accessing Starmatic 2. 0 G.. 4. Reviewing the network status section G.. 5. Accessing support chat rooms H. Check your understanding I. The 2 arise support channels The admissions team: contact for questions related to the admissions process by chat Monday-Friday 1000-1700 EST Ava: contact for any non-admissions related questions about Business opportunities, technical issues or other topic by virtual and live chat 24/7

Transportation Service Administration and Aviation

Growing up, most of us learned values to be right, wrong, or fair. While each of our interpretations of these values may vary depending on our ethnicity, religion, gender, or education, we each have a basic understanding of right and wrong. A well- founded standard of right and wrong is the basis to ethics. If we speak of what people ought to do that benefits their society, we are addressing how they conduct themselves to better their community or nation. Conducting themselves with honesty, compassion, and loyalty would be virtues that display standards of ethics. (Manuel Velasquesz, 2010) If we take these standards of ethics and apply them to a business, then we are addressing business ethics. This will apply to any and all areas of the business, from boardroom strategies and how they treat their customer. It will go beyond the legal requirements for the business, and is about decisions and behaviors that are based on values. (Institute of Business Ethices, 2013) How a business, o r for this discussion, an organization, operates to make a profit or reach its goals is business ethics. When we look at this organization and make a subjective assessment of the services it offers, their goals and values, the way they treat their customers, and how they are viewed by their stakeholders, we can then determine if they are an ethical organization! (Institute of Business Ethices, 2013). Aviation security is a service or several services currently provided by the TransportationShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Air Transportation Essay example1091 Words   |  5 PagesAir transportation is a vital resource used not only in the United States but throughout the world. The Kelly Act of 1925 was the first step in the integration of air transportation into the daily lives of Americans. This was due in part to the postal service wanting to get more mail to more areas more efficiently back in 1911. 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